100 Medical Facts: Lab Ranges, Symptoms and Treatments

A practical reference sheet for medical students, aspirants, or practicing doctors who want a quick refresher.

1. Hemoglobin (Hb)

Normal: Male: 13.5–17.5 g/dL, Female: 12.0–15.5 g/dL

Low: Anemia – fatigue, pallor

Treatment: Iron supplements, blood transfusion

2. WBC Count (Total Leukocyte Count)

Normal: 4,000–11,000 /mm³

High: Infection, inflammation

Low: Bone marrow suppression

Treatment: Antibiotics or manage cause

3. Platelet Count

Normal: 150,000–450,000 /mm³

Low: Bleeding tendency

High: Risk of clotting

Treatment: Transfusion or antiplatelet meds

4. RBC Count

Normal: Male: 4.7–6.1 million/µL, Female: 4.2–5.4 million/µL

Low: Anemia

High: Polycythemia

Treatment: Depends on underlying cause

5. Hematocrit (Hct)

Normal: Male: 41–50%, Female: 36–44%

Low: Anemia

High: Dehydration, polycythemia

Treatment: Fluid resuscitation, phlebotomy

6. MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume)

Normal: 80–100 fL

Low: Microcytic anemia

High: Macrocytic anemia

Treatment: Iron, B12, folate as needed

7. MCH/MCHC

Normal: MCH: 27–31 pg, MCHC: 32–36 g/dL

Low: Hypochromia

Treatment: Iron supplementation

8. Reticulocyte Count

Normal: 0.5–2.5%

High: Hemolysis or blood loss

Low: Bone marrow failure

Treatment: Depends on etiology

9. ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

Normal: <20 mm/hr

High: Inflammation

Treatment: Treat underlying disease

10. CRP (C-Reactive Protein)

Normal: <3 mg/L

High: Infection, inflammation

Treatment: Manage underlying cause

11. Blood Sugar (Fasting)

Normal: 70–99 mg/dL

High: Diabetes mellitus

Treatment: Lifestyle, metformin, insulin

12. Blood Sugar (Post-Prandial)

Normal: <140 mg/dL

High: Diabetes

Treatment: Oral hypoglycemics/insulin

13. HbA1c

Normal: <5.7%, Diabetes: ≥6.5%

Treatment: Glycemic control

14. Serum Urea

Normal: 10–40 mg/dL

High: Renal failure

Treatment: Dialysis, hydration

15. Serum Creatinine

Normal: 0.6–1.3 mg/dL

High: Renal failure

Treatment: Manage kidney function

16. Uric Acid

Normal: 3.5–7.2 mg/dL

High: Gout

Treatment: Allopurinol, colchicine

17. Sodium (Na⁺)

Normal: 135–145 mEq/L

Low: Hyponatremia – confusion, seizures

High: Hypernatremia – dehydration

Treatment: Fluids or sodium restriction

18. Potassium (K⁺)

Normal: 3.5–5.0 mEq/L

Low: Arrhythmia, muscle weakness

High: Cardiac arrest risk

Treatment: K⁺ supplements or insulin/glucose

19. Calcium (Ca²⁺)

Normal: 8.5–10.5 mg/dL

Low: Tetany

High: Stones, bones, groans

Treatment: IV calcium or bisphosphonates

20. Phosphate

Normal: 2.5–4.5 mg/dL

High/Low: Bone metabolism disorders

Treatment: Supplements or phosphate binders

21. Magnesium

Normal: 1.7–2.2 mg/dL

Low: Tetany, seizures

High: CNS depression

Treatment: Mg⁺ or calcium gluconate

22. Bilirubin (Total/Direct)

Normal: Total: <1.2 mg/dL, Direct: <0.3 mg/dL

High: Jaundice – hemolysis, liver failure

Treatment: Phototherapy or supportive

23. SGPT (ALT)

Normal: <40 U/L

High: Liver damage

Treatment: Treat hepatitis or liver cause

24. SGOT (AST)

Normal: <40 U/L

High: Liver/muscle injury

Treatment: Same as ALT

25. ALP (Alkaline Phosphatase)

Normal: 44–147 IU/L

High: Biliary obstruction, bone disorders

Treatment: Depends on cause

26. GGT

Normal: 9–48 U/L

High: Alcoholic liver disease

Treatment: Abstinence, supportive

27. Total Protein

Normal: 6.0–8.3 g/dL

High/Low: Liver/kidney disease

Treatment: Nutritional or medical

28. Albumin

Normal: 3.4–5.4 g/dL

Low: Edema, liver/kidney disease

Treatment: Albumin infusion

29. Globulin

Normal: 2.0–3.5 g/dL

Altered: Chronic inflammation

Treatment: Treat primary condition

30. A/G Ratio

Normal: 1.2–1.5

Altered: Myeloma, cirrhosis

Treatment: Disease specific 

31. LDH (Lactate Dehydrogenase)

·         Normal: 140–280 U/L

·         High: Hemolysis, liver disease, cancer

o    Treatment: Treat underlying condition

32. Ferritin

·         Normal: Male: 24–336 ng/mL, Female: 11–307 ng/mL

·         Low: Iron deficiency anemia

·         High: Inflammation, hemochromatosis

o    Treatment: Iron supplements or chelation

33. TIBC (Total Iron Binding Capacity)

·         Normal: 250–450 mcg/dL

·         High: Iron deficiency

·         Low: Hemochromatosis

o    Treatment: Iron or phlebotomy as needed

34. Serum Iron

·         Normal: 60–170 mcg/dL

·         Low: Iron deficiency

·         High: Hemochromatosis

o    Treatment: Supplements or therapeutic phlebotomy

35. Vitamin B12

·         Normal: 200–900 pg/mL

·         Low: Pernicious anemia, neuropathy

o    Treatment: B12 injections/oral

36. Folate

·         Normal: >3 ng/mL

·         Low: Megaloblastic anemia

o    Treatment: Folic acid

37. TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

·         Normal: 0.4–4.0 mIU/L

·         High: Hypothyroidism

·         Low: Hyperthyroidism

o    Treatment: Thyroxine or antithyroid drugs

38. Free T4

·         Normal: 0.9–2.3 ng/dL

·         High: Hyperthyroidism

·         Low: Hypothyroidism

o    Treatment: Adjust thyroid medication

39. Free T3

·         Normal: 2.0–4.4 pg/mL

·         High: Hyperthyroidism

·         Low: Hypothyroidism

o    Treatment: Thyroid medication

40. Cortisol (Morning)

·         Normal: 6–23 mcg/dL

·         Low: Addison’s disease

·         High: Cushing’s syndrome

o    Treatment: Steroid replacement or surgery

41. Prolactin

·         Normal: Male: <20 ng/mL, Female: <25 ng/mL

·         High: Prolactinoma, hypothyroidism

o    Treatment: Dopamine agonists, surgery

42. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

·         Normal: Male: 1.5–12.4 IU/L, Female (follicular): 3.5–12.5 IU/L

·         High/Low: Gonadal dysfunction

o    Treatment: Hormonal therapy

43. LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

·         Normal: Male: 1.7–8.6 IU/L, Female (mid-cycle): 21.9–56.6 IU/L

·         High/Low: Infertility, PCOS

o    Treatment: Hormonal regulation

44. Testosterone (Total)

·         Normal: Male: 270–1070 ng/dL

·         Low: Hypogonadism

o    Treatment: Testosterone replacement

45. Estradiol (E2)

·         Normal: Female (follicular): 30–400 pg/mL

·         High/Low: Menstrual irregularities, menopause

o    Treatment: Hormonal therapy

46. PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

·         Normal: 10–65 pg/mL

·         High: Hyperparathyroidism

·         Low: Hypoparathyroidism

o    Treatment: Surgery, calcium/vitamin D

47. Vitamin D (25-OH)

·         Normal: 20–50 ng/mL

·         Low: Bone pain, muscle weakness

o    Treatment: Vitamin D supplements

48. BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide)

·         Normal: <100 pg/mL

·         High: Heart failure

o    Treatment: Diuretics, ACE inhibitors

49. Troponin I

·         Normal: <0.04 ng/mL

·         High: Myocardial infarction

o    Treatment: MONA protocol, PCI

50. CK-MB

·         Normal: <5 ng/mL

·         High: MI, muscle damage

o    Treatment: Reperfusion therapy 

51. CK (Creatine Kinase)

Normal: 20–200 U/L (varies by lab)

High: Muscle injury, rhabdomyolysis, MI

Treatment: IV fluids, treat underlying cause

52. ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate)

Normal: <20 mm/hr (varies by age/sex)

High: Inflammation, autoimmune conditions

Treatment: Address primary cause

53. CRP (C-Reactive Protein)

Normal: <3 mg/L

High: Inflammation, infection

Treatment: Depends on etiology

54. Serum Lactate

Normal: 0.5–2.2 mmol/L

High: Lactic acidosis – sepsis, shock

Treatment: IV fluids, oxygen, correct cause

55. Ammonia (Serum)

Normal: 15–45 mcg/dL

High: Hepatic encephalopathy

Treatment: Lactulose, rifaximin

56. Uric Acid

Normal: 3.5–7.2 mg/dL

High: Gout – joint pain, tophi

Treatment: NSAIDs, allopurinol, colchicine

57. Procalcitonin

Normal: <0.1 ng/mL

High: Bacterial infection, sepsis

Treatment: Antibiotics, source control

58. Fibrinogen

Normal: 200–400 mg/dL

Low: DIC, liver disease

Treatment: Cryoprecipitate, FFP

59. D-dimer

Normal: <500 ng/mL

High: DVT, PE, DIC

Treatment: Anticoagulation if confirmed

60. Reticulocyte Count

Normal: 0.5–2.5%

High: Hemolysis, recovery from anemia

Low: Bone marrow suppression

Treatment: Based on cause (e.g., transfusion, erythropoietin)

61. INR (International Normalized Ratio)

Normal: 0.8–1.1 (therapeutic 2–3 if anticoagulated)

High: Bleeding risk

Treatment: Vitamin K, FFP, adjust warfarin

62. aPTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)

Normal: 25–35 seconds

High: Heparin therapy, coagulation disorders

Treatment: Stop heparin, give protamine sulfate

63. Troponin I

Normal: <0.04 ng/mL

High: Myocardial infarction

Treatment: MONA protocol, PCI

64. Anti-TTG (Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody)

Normal: Negative

Positive: Celiac disease

Treatment: Gluten-free diet

65. ANA (Antinuclear Antibody)

Normal: Negative

Positive: SLE, autoimmune disease

Treatment: Immunosuppressants (e.g., steroids, hydroxychloroquine)

66. HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen)

Normal: Negative

Positive: Hepatitis B infection

Treatment: Antivirals (e.g., tenofovir)

67. Anti-HCV

Normal: Negative

Positive: HCV exposure

Treatment: Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs)

68. HIV ELISA

Normal: Negative

Positive: Needs confirmation with Western blot

Treatment: Antiretroviral therapy (ART)

69. HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

Normal: Negative

High: Pregnancy, germ cell tumors

Treatment: Monitor pregnancy or treat tumors

70. Serum Osmolality

Normal: 275–295 mOsm/kg

High: Dehydration, diabetes insipidus

Low: SIADH, overhydration

Treatment: Fluids, desmopressin, fluid restriction

71. Anion Gap

Normal: 8–16 mEq/L

High: Metabolic acidosis

Treatment: Address cause (e.g., DKA, renal failure)

72. Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)

Normal: 22–28 mEq/L

Low: Metabolic acidosis

High: Metabolic alkalosis

Treatment: Based on acid-base status

73. Arterial pH

Normal: 7.35–7.45

Low: Acidosis

High: Alkalosis

Treatment: Depends on respiratory/metabolic cause

74. PaCO₂ (Partial Pressure of CO₂)

Normal: 35–45 mmHg

High: Respiratory acidosis

Low: Respiratory alkalosis

Treatment: Improve ventilation or oxygenation

75. PaO₂ (Partial Pressure of O₂)

Normal: 75–100 mmHg

Low: Hypoxemia

Treatment: Oxygen therapy

76. SaO₂ (Oxygen Saturation)

Normal: 95–100%

Low: Hypoxia

Treatment: Oxygen supplementation

77. Total Cholesterol

Normal: <200 mg/dL

High: Hyperlipidemia

Treatment: Statins, lifestyle change

78. LDL Cholesterol

Normal: <100 mg/dL

High: Atherosclerosis risk

Treatment: Statins

79. HDL Cholesterol

Normal: >40 mg/dL (men), >50 mg/dL (women)

Low: Cardiovascular risk

Treatment: Exercise, niacin

80. Triglycerides

Normal: <150 mg/dL

High: Pancreatitis risk

Treatment: Fibrates, omega-3

81. Lipase

Normal: 10–140 U/L

High: Pancreatitis

Treatment: NPO, IV fluids, pain management

82. Amylase

Normal: 30–110 U/L

High: Pancreatitis

Treatment: Supportive care

83. CEA (Carcinoembryonic Antigen)

Normal: <5 ng/mL

High: Colon cancer, other malignancies

Treatment: Oncologic evaluation

84. AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein)

Normal: <10 ng/mL

High: Liver cancer, germ cell tumors

Treatment: Cancer management

85. PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen)

Normal: <4 ng/mL

High: Prostate cancer, BPH

Treatment: Further urologic evaluation

86. CA-125

Normal: <35 U/mL

High: Ovarian cancer

Treatment: Oncologic referral

87. CA 19-9

Normal: <37 U/mL

High: Pancreatic cancer

Treatment: Oncologic evaluation

88. Beta-2 Microglobulin

Normal: <2.5 mg/L

High: Lymphoma, myeloma

Treatment: Based on malignancy

89. LDH Isoenzymes

Normal: Pattern varies

High: Organ-specific damage (e.g., heart, liver)

Treatment: Address underlying cause

90. Rheumatoid Factor (RF)

Normal: Negative

Positive: Rheumatoid arthritis

Treatment: DMARDs (e.g., methotrexate)

91. Anti-CCP (Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide)

Normal: Negative

Positive: Rheumatoid arthritis

Treatment: DMARDs

92. ASO Titer (Antistreptolysin O)

Normal: <200 IU/mL

High: Recent streptococcal infection

Treatment: Antibiotics (penicillin)

93. HLA-B27

Normal: Negative

Positive: Ankylosing spondylitis

Treatment: NSAIDs, biologics

94. Vitamin A

Normal: 20–50 mcg/dL

Low: Night blindness

Treatment: Vitamin A supplementation

95. Vitamin K

Function: Blood clotting

Deficiency: Bleeding tendency

Treatment: Vitamin K injection/oral

96. Zinc

Normal: 70–120 mcg/dL

Low: Poor wound healing, taste disturbance

Treatment: Zinc supplements

97. Copper

Normal: 70–140 mcg/dL

Abnormal: Wilson’s disease, anemia

Treatment: Chelation therapy

98. Ceruloplasmin

Normal: 20–60 mg/dL

Low: Wilson’s disease

Treatment: Zinc, penicillamine

99. Transferrin

Normal: 200–360 mg/dL

High: Iron deficiency

Low: Malnutrition

Treatment: Nutritional correction

100. Serum Albumin/Globulin Ratio (A/G)

Normal: 1.2–1.5

Altered: Liver disease, multiple myeloma

Treatment: Based on underlying cause

References:

1.      Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 20th Edition

2.      UpToDate Clinical Summaries (2024)

3.      CDC Clinical Laboratory Guidelines (CLIA)

4.      American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2024

5.      WHO Laboratory Manual, 6th Edition

6.      Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine, 11th Edition

7.      Kumar & Clark’s Clinical Medicine, 10th Edition

8.      BMJ Best Practice Clinical Guidelines (2024)

9.      NIH MedlinePlus & Lab Tests Online (U.S. National Library of Medicine)

Disclaimer: This document is created for educational and reference purposes only. The compiler is not a licensed medical professional. Always consult qualified healthcare providers for diagnosis and treatment.